دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین آسیب برنامه پشتیبان برای دستیابی به هدف از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
چگونه برنامه های پشتیبان می تواند برای دستیابی به هدف آسیب برساند: ناکامی غیر منتظره از آماده شدن برای شکست
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The unexpected downside of being prepared for failure
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
Existing research on plan-making has primarily highlighted the benefits of plan-making (e.g., see Gollwitzer (1999) and Rogers et al. (in press), for reviews). Plan-making, or the act of specifying when, where, and how you will achieve a given objective, has been found to increase goal attainment in such diverse settings as exercising (Milne, Orbell, & Sheeran, 2002), eating fruit (Armitage, 2007), quitting smoking (Armitage & Arden, 2008), voting (Nickerson & Rogers, 2010), and receiving flu shots and colonoscopies (Milkman, Beshears, Choi, Laibson, & Madrian, 2011; Milkman, Beshears, Choi, Laibson, & Madrian, 2013). By showing that planning detailed action steps makes it more likely that people will follow through on their intentions, the existing research has primarily focused on the beneficial effects of plan-making on goal attainment. In our research, we propose that there may be a specific kind of plan-making—making backup plans—that actually has a harmful effect on goal pursuit. We seek to provide a more balanced perspective on the effects of plan-making by highlighting one of its potential downsides. In examining the effects of making a backup plan, we build on an emerging literature on the effects of having multiple means for reaching a goal. Kruglanski et al. (2011) found that thinking about additional strategies for achieving a given goal increased commitment to that goal. Additionally, Huang and Zhang (2013) found that having additional means available for achieving a given goal can enhance motivation for that goal, especially in the initial stage of goal pursuit. According to these scholars, perceiving that multiple means are available for achieving a given goal can have positive effects on goal commitment and motivation because it increases a goal’s perceived attainability (i.e., individuals think it is more likely that they will be able to achieve the goal when they envision more ways to attain it). When individuals make a backup plan, they think about a different course of action they could take in case they fail to achieve their primary goal. Making a backup plan (the focus of this paper) is distinct from having an additional means for achieving a given primary goal (which past research has explored) in at least two important ways. First, an additional means for achieving a given primary goal is a different method for achieving that same primary goal (e.g., exercising and eating less to achieve the same primary goal of losing weight before starting a new job). By contrast, a backup plan involves a different method for achieving a new,
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کلمات کلیدی:
The Downside of a Backup Plan – and What to Do About It knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-downsideof-making-a-backup-plan/ Jun 2, 2016 - New Wharton research shows that thinking about a backup plan may ... Backup Plans Can Harm Goal Pursuit: The Unexpected Downside of ... Altmetric – How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The unexpected ... https://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=www.journals.elsevier.com...id... How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The unexpected downside of being prepared for failure. Overview of attention for article published in Organizational ... How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The unexpected ... - Trove trove.nla.gov.au/work/216863619 2016-07-01, English, Article, Journal or magazine article edition: How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The unexpected downside of being prepared for ... Backup Plans May Keep You from Achieving Your Goals, Study Says ... americannewsreport.com/backup-plans-may-keep-achieving-goals-study-says-8822572 Aug 14, 2016 - When it comes to setting organizational and personal goals, making a backup ... The paper, “How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The ... The downside to being prepared for failure - The Boston Globe https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2016/08/05/brainiac/.../story.html Aug 5, 2016 - New research suggests that having a Plan B is not necessarily a good idea. In the study “How backup plans can harm goal pursuit: The ...
