دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین دوربین کنترل سرعت از سایت الزویر


عنوان فارسی مقاله:

اثرات رفتار ناهمگن دوربین های کنترل سرعت در امنیت جاده

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Heterogeneous treatment effects of speed cameras on road safety

سال انتشار : 2016



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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:

1. Introduction

Speed limit enforcement cameras were first introduced in the UK in 1991 and were extended widely in the last decade. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of safety cameras, and results show that the implementation of safety cameras has reduced vehicle speed and casualty numbers near camera sites (e.g. Mountain et al., 2005; Gains et al., 2004, 2005; Li et al., 2013). Despite the wealth of empirical evidence it remains unclear how such effects may vary across sites, referred to as heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE). The hypothesis is that the variation in treatment effects is related to the differences in site characteristics, specifically the extent to which site characteristics meet treatment assignment criteria. The main objective of this study is to analyse how the site characteristics influence the effects of fixed speed cameras, and identify the locations which have benefited most from treatment. Although the importance of HTE has been widely recognized in causal analysis, most previous studies on speed cameras usually report an average treatment effect (ATE), which neglects the fact that the effects of speed cameras may differ systematically by site characteristics. This is due in part to the fact that causal approaches for exploring HTE, used routinely in other areas of science such as medicine and epidemiology, have not yet been adopted in road safety studies. Understanding HTE has important implications for policy making. Treatments or trials, such as speed cameras, are usually costly. For example, the annual cost of safety cameras is around £100 million for 2003/04 in the UK (Gains et al., 2005). It is desirable that the treatment is operated in a way that maximises effectiveness with limited resources. By revealing patterns of HTE, policy makers can assign treatments to units most likely to benefit from the treatment, so as to improve the cost-effectiveness of intervention. In this paper we tackle this issue by applying and developing causal approaches for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects of speed cameras on road casualties. The paper is organized as follows. The literature review is presented in Section 2. The method and data used in the analysis are described in Section 3 and Section 4. The results are presented and discussed in Section 5. The conclusions are given in the final section.








کلمات کلیدی:

Quantifying the causal effect of speed cameras on road traffic ... https://arxiv.org › stat by DJ Graham - ‎2017 Mar 17, 2017 - A causal DR approach combines propensity score (PS) and OR models to give an average treatment effect (ATE) estimator that is consistent ... Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Speed Cameras ... - TRID Database https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1337421 by H Li - ‎2015 - ‎Related articles Dec 30, 2014 - This paper aims to analyze the heterogeneous treatment effects of fixed speed cameras and evaluate the criteria of camera sites selection. Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Speed Cameras on Road Safety ... amonline.trb.org/trb57535-2015-1.1793793/t033-1...1.../15-2052-1.1937816 15-2052 Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Speed Cameras on Road Safety. Haojie Li ;; Daniel J. Graham. You must login to view this content. [PDF]The effects of speed cameras - CiteSeerX citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.732.1182&rep=rep1... by C Corbett - ‎1999 - ‎Cited by 40 - ‎Related articles THE EFFECTS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SPEED CAMERAS: ...... treatment is given in the final technical report submitted to the DETR (Corbett and Simon. [PDF]Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Speed Cameras on Road Safety in ... scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=all_theses by AI Darei - ‎Cited by 1 - ‎Related articles The aim of till study wa to e aluate the effectiveness of speed cameras in reducing ...... weighting scheme that estimates the overall treatment effect based on the ... [PDF]Analysis of the effects of speed limit enforcement cameras ... eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/43624/5/Hess22.pdf by S Hess - ‎2004 - ‎Cited by 42 - ‎Related articles Hess, S (2004) Analysis of the effects of speed limit enforcement cameras ∗ ... In order to allow for the simultaneous treatment of the different levels of severity, ...